Data and Code for: "Spreading Gangs: Exporting US Criminal Capital to El Salvador"

This paper provides evidence showing how deportation policies can backfire by disseminating not only ideas between countries but also criminal networks, spreading gangs, in this case, across Central America, and spurring migration back to the US. In 1996, the US Illegal Immigration Responsibility Act drastically increased the number of criminal deportations. In particular, the members of large Salvadoran gangs developed in Los Angeles were sent back to El Salvador. Using variation in criminal deportations over time and across cohorts, combined with geographical variation in the US gangs’ location and deportees’ place of birth, I find that criminal deportations led to a large increase in Salvadoran homicide rates and gang activity, such as extortion and drug trafficking, as well as an increase in gang recruitment of children. In particular, I find evidence that Salvadoran children who were exposed at a young age to US gangs are more likely to be involved in gang-related crimes in adulthood. I also find some evidence that these deportations increased child migration to the US by increasing gang violence in El Salvador, potentially leading to more deportations.