Replication Code for: Missing Women, Integration Costs, and Big Push Policies in the Saudi Labor Market
Principal Investigator(s): View help for Principal Investigator(s) Conrad Miller, University of California, Berkeley; Jennifer Peck, Swarthmore College; Mehmet Seflek, University of California, Berkeley
Version: View help for Version V1
Name | File Type | Size | Last Modified |
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replication | 01/05/2021 02:55:AM |
Project Citation:
Miller, Conrad, Peck, Jennifer, and Seflek, Mehmet. Replication Code for: Missing Women, Integration Costs, and Big Push Policies in the Saudi Labor Market. Nashville, TN: American Economic Association [publisher], 2022. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2022-03-21. https://doi.org/10.3886/E120470V1
Project Description
Summary:
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In settings where social norms promote gender segregation, firms may find it costly to employ both men and women. These integration costs may hinder women's employment. We develop a methodology to test for the presence of fixed integration costs and estimate counterfactual women's employment at all-male firms where these costs bind. We apply our approach in Saudi Arabia and find that integration costs bind for the majority of firms. We show that Nitaqat, a gender-neutral quota program that incentivized the hiring of Saudi nationals at private sector firms, induced firms to integrate and dramatically increased Saudi women's employment.
Funding Sources:
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Evidence for Policy Design program at the Harvard Kennedy School and the Human Resources Development Fund of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Scope of Project
JEL Classification:
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J16 Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
J23 Labor Demand
J71 Labor Discrimination
O53 Economywide Country Studies: Asia including Middle East
J16 Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
J23 Labor Demand
J71 Labor Discrimination
O53 Economywide Country Studies: Asia including Middle East
Geographic Coverage:
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Saudi Arabia
Time Period(s):
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2009 – 2015
Universe:
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Private sector firms in Saudi Arabia
Data Type(s):
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administrative records data
Methodology
Data Source:
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Saudi Ministry of Labor and Social Development (MLSD) and General Organization for Social Insurance (GOSI)
Unit(s) of Observation:
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Worker-firm job spell
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