Replication Code for: Missing Women, Integration Costs, and Big Push Policies in the Saudi Labor Market

Principal Investigator(s): View help for Principal Investigator(s) Conrad Miller, University of California, Berkeley; Jennifer Peck, Swarthmore College; Mehmet Seflek, University of California, Berkeley

Version: View help for Version V1

Name	File Type	Size	Last Modified
replication			01/05/2021 02:55:AM

Project Citation:

Miller, Conrad, Peck, Jennifer, and Seflek, Mehmet. Replication Code for: Missing Women, Integration Costs, and Big Push Policies in the Saudi Labor Market. Nashville, TN: American Economic Association [publisher], 2022. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2022-03-21. https://doi.org/10.3886/E120470V1

Project Description

Summary: In settings where social norms promote gender segregation, firms may find it costly to employ both men and women. These integration costs may hinder women's employment. We develop a methodology to test for the presence of fixed integration costs and estimate counterfactual women's employment at all-male firms where these costs bind. We apply our approach in Saudi Arabia and find that integration costs bind for the majority of firms. We show that Nitaqat, a gender-neutral quota program that incentivized the hiring of Saudi nationals at private sector firms, induced firms to integrate and dramatically increased Saudi women's employment.

Funding Sources: Evidence for Policy Design program at the Harvard Kennedy School and the Human Resources Development Fund of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Scope of Project

JEL Classification:
      J16 Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
      J23 Labor Demand
      J71 Labor Discrimination
      O53 Economywide Country Studies: Asia including Middle East

Geographic Coverage: Saudi Arabia

Time Period(s): 2009 – 2015

Universe: Private sector firms in Saudi Arabia

Data Type(s): administrative records data

Methodology

Data Source: Saudi Ministry of Labor and Social Development (MLSD) and General Organization for Social Insurance (GOSI)

Unit(s) of Observation: Worker-firm job spell

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Published Versions

V1 [2022-03-21]

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